![]() The lower Stage of the Ziggurat of Ur after excavation.Įven without the later foundation-cylinders (further examples of which were found by us this year) it would have been possible to assign to each king his own part in the building, for the royal stamps on the bricks left no doubt on the subject, except indeed where the later builders re-used some of the material taken from the earlier walls. Actually of Dungi we have found no trace, and we can only conclude that his work was limited to the upper structure which was swept away to make room for the new buildings of Nabonidus it is safer to assume this than to suppose that Nabonidus was in error, for the king was a keen archaeologist, fond of digging up the foundation-records of his predecessors and basing his statements upon their written evidence that he did so here is sure, for at the corner of the second stage of Ur-Engur’s work, below an unbroken pavement laid down by Nabonidus, we found a hole driven right into the heart of the brickwork, a hole that could only have been made by the later king’s workmen searching for the old foundation-deposits. We knew therefore that we should have to deal with buildings of that early date and of the sixth century B. Taylor, excavating on behalf of the British Museum, had found the inscribed clay cylinders whereon Nabonidus, last king of Babylon, had recorded how he had repaired and completed the tower begun but left unfinished by Ur-Engur and his son Dungi, kings of Ur about 2300 B. Much of the history of the monument was already known, for in the middle of last century Mr. Therefore the clearing of that at Ur, the best preserved of all the ziggurats in Mesopotamia, was bound to be a work of great interest. The ruins of Khorsabad have given us the remains of one ziggurat fairly well preserved and Herodotus has left us a description of that of Babylon the Greek’s account is none too clear, but he evidently is describing a building very different to that represented by the ruins, and we can only gather that whereas the idea of all the ziggurats was the same, in plan and in ornament they varied much one from another. The tower of Babel was meant to storm the throne of God with prayer at close quarters rather than by force of arms. The explanation seems to be that the Sumerians were originally a hill folk, accustomed, as all hill folk are, to putting up their temples and their altars on “high places” and “on every high hill ” when they moved down into the plain of Mesopotamia, where the flat alluvium stretches unrelieved to the horizon, they felt the need of the “high place” where God could be properly worshipped and so set to and built artificial mountains whereby man might approach nearer to heaven. The amount of labour that went to the building of such a tower was immense, and one wonders why it should have been incurred so regularly in every great town. ![]() They were great solid structures rising up tier above tier, each stage smaller than the one below, so that the whole had the effect of a stepped platform stairways or sloping ramps led from the ground level to the summit, and thereon was set a little shrine dedicated to the city’s patron god. In each of the chief cities of Mesopotamia there stood of old one of these ziggurats or staged towers whose ruins today dominate the lower mounds that were temples or palaces. The Ziggurat of Ur in the process of excavation. As the amount of NVMM grows, Ziggurat's performance improves until it matches the performance of an NVMM-only file system.During the whole of our digging season (1923-24) the greater number of the workmen have been engaged upon the clearing of the Ziggurat, and before the work closed down this, the most imposing of the monuments of Ur, was fully exposed as it had not been since its destruction in the fifth century B. Experimental results show that with a small amount of NVMM and a large SSD, Ziggurat achieves up to 38.9x and 46.5x throughput improvement compared with EXT4 and XFS running on an SSD alone, respectively. To fully utilize disk bandwidth, Ziggurat coalesces data blocks into large, sequential writes. In the background, Ziggurat estimates the "temperature" of file data, and migrates the cold file data from NVMM to disks. ![]() Ziggurat profiles the application's access stream online to predict the behavior of individual writes. Ziggurat steers incoming writes to NVMM, DRAM, or disk depending on application access patterns, write size, and the likelihood that the application will stall until the write completes. We present Ziggurat, a tiered file system that combines NVMM and slow disks to create a storage system with near-NVMM performance and large capacity. Emerging fast, byte-addressable Non-Volatile Main Memory (NVMM) provides huge increases in storage performance compared to traditional disks.
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